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common question is, \"Two brothers are at variance. If I save\nthe life of one, do I confer a benefit upon the other, who will be\nsorry that his hated brother did not perish?\" There can be no doubt\nthat it is a benefit to do good to a man, even against that man's\nwill, just as he, who against his own will does a man good, does\nnot bestow a benefit upon him. \"Do you,\" asks our adversary, \"call\nthat by which he is displeased and hurt a benefit?\" Yes; many\nbenefits have a harsh and forbidding appearance, such as cutting or\nburning to cure disease, or confining with chains. We must not\nconsider whether a man is grieved at receiving a benefit, but\nwhether he ought to rejoice: a coin is not bad because it is\nrefused by a savage who is unacquainted with its proper stamp. A\nman receives a benefit even though he hates what is done, provided\nthat it does him good, and that the giver bestowed it in order to\ndo him good. It makes no difference if he receives a good thing in\na bad spirit. Consider the converse of this. Suppose that a man\nhates his brother, though it is to his advantage to have a brother,\nand I kill this brother, this is not a benefit, though he may say\nthat it is, and be glad of it. Our most artful enemies are those\nwhom we thank for the wrongs which they do us.\n\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\"I understand; a thing which does good is a benefit, a thing which\ndoes harm is not a benefit. Now I will suggest to you an act which\nneither does good nor harm, and yet is a benefit. Suppose that I\nfind the corpse of some one's father in a wilderness, and bury it,\nthen I certainly have done him no good, for what difference could\nit make to him in what manner his body decayed? Nor have I done any\ngood to his son, for what advantage does he gain by my act?\" I will\ntell you what he gains. He has by my means performed a solemn and\nnecessary rite; I have performed a service for his father which he\nwould have wished, nay, which it would have been his duty to have\nperformed himself. Yet this act is not a benefit, if I merely\nyielded to those feelings of pity and kindliness which would make\nme bury any corpse whatever, but only if I recognized this body,\nand buried it, with the thought in my mind that I was doing this\nservice to the son; but, by merely throwing earth over a dead\nstranger, I lay no one under an obligation for an act performed on\ngeneral principles of humanity.\n\u003C/p>\u003Cp>It may be asked, \"Why are you so careful in inquiring upon whom you\nbestow benefits, as though some day you meant to demand repayment\nof them? Some say that repayment should never be demanded; and they\ngive the following reasons. An unworthy man will not repay the\nbenefit which he has received, even if it be demanded of him, while\na worthy man will do so of his own accord. Consequently, if you\nhave bestowed it upon a good man, wait; do not outrage him by\nasking him for it, as though of his own accord he never would repay\nit. If you have bestowed it upon a bad man, suffer for it, but do\nnot spoil your benefit by turning it into a loan. Moreover the law,\nby not authorizing you, forbids you, by implication, to demand the\nrepayment of a benefit.\" All this is nonsense. As long as I am in\nno pressing need, as long as I am not forced by poverty, I will\nlose my benefits rather than ask for repayment; but if the lives of\nmy children were at stake, if my wife were in danger, if my regard\nfor the welfare of my country and for my own liberty were to force\nme to adopt a course which I disliked, I should overcome my\ndelicacy, and openly declare that I had done all that I could to\navoid the necessity of receiving help from an ungrateful man; the\nnecessity of obtaining repayment of one's benefit will in the end\novercome one's delicacy about asking for it. In the next place,\nwhen I bestow a benefit upon a good man, I do so with the intention\nof never demanding repayment, except in case of absolute necessity.\n\u003C/p>","html",[],1785969063837]