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Tranquility & Contentment

Tranquillity, for the Stoics, is not a mood you cultivate directly. It is what is left when you stop assenting to the judgements that disturb you - the byproduct of getting other things right, rather than a target you can aim at. Seneca devotes a dialogue to it, diagnosing the restlessness of people who change houses, cities and occupations while carrying the actual problem along with them. Marcus keeps returning to the retreat available at any moment: not a country estate, just his own mind.

50 passages

"The understanding, too, preserves its own tranquillity by abstraction, and the governing self does not grow worse; but it is for the parts which are injured by the pain, if they can, to declare it."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 7.33

"How simple to reject and to wipe away every disturbing or alien imagination, and straightway to be in perfect calm."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 5.02

"Do not allow the imagination of the whole of your life to confuse you, do not dwell upon all the manifold troubles which have come to pass and will come to pass, but ask yourself in regard to every present piece of work: what is there here that can't be borne and can't be endured?"

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 8.36

"You see how few things a man need master in order to live a smooth and godfearing life; for the gods themselves will require nothing more of him who keeps these precepts."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 2.05

"Sorrow overwhelms men's minds, casts them down, contracts them: now this cannot happen to the wise man even in his greatest misfortunes, but he will beat back the rage of Fortune and triumph over it: he will always retain the same calm, undisturbed expression of countenance, which he never could do were he accessible to sorrow."

— Seneca, On Clemency 2.05

"For this brings not only the tranquillity from doing right but also from doing few things."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 4.24

"Why, though you are hardly aware of it, is there not a whirling hurricane at this moment spinning round and confusing your minds, making them seek and avoid the very same things, now raising them aloft and now dashing them below?. . . . . .""

— Seneca, On the Happy Life XXVIII

"For, in the midst of all this, what hinders the mind from preserving its own self in tranquillity, in true judgement about what surrounds it and ready use of what is submitted to it, so that judgement says to what befalls it: 'this is what you are in reality, even if you seem other in appearance', and use says to what is given to it: 'I was looking for you, for the present is to me always material of reasonable and political virtue, that is (generally speaking) of the art of man or God'; since whatever comes to pass is suited to God or man, and is neither novel nor hard to deal with, but familiar and easy to handle."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 7.68

"As he presses forward and makes his way towards the life that is sublime, well-ordered, without fear, proceeding in a regular and harmonious course, tranquil, beneficent, made for the good of mankind useful both to itself and to others, he will neither long nor weep for anything that is grovelling."

— Seneca, On the Firmness of a Wise Man 1.08

"Withdraw into yourself: the reasonable governing self is by its nature content with its own just actions and the tranquillity it thus secures."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 7.28

"He, however, whom I have described as being placed too high for any mischief to reach him, holds as it were the highest good in his arms: he can reply, not only to any man, but to fortune herself: "Do what you will, you are too feeble to disturb my serenity: this is forbidden by reason, to whom I have entrusted the guidance of my life: to become angry would do me more harm than your violence can do me."

— Seneca, On Anger 3.25

"Keep before your eyes day by day death and exile, and everything that seems terrible, but most of all death; and then you will never have any abject thought, nor will you yearn for anything beyond measure."

— Epictetus, The Enchiridion 21

"Your paltry oil gets spilled, your miserable wine stolen; say to yourself, "This is the price paid for a calm spirit, this the price for peace of mind." Nothing is got without a price."

— Epictetus, The Enchiridion 12

"Therefore say and do everything in the soundest way, because a purpose like this delivers a man from troubles and warfare, from every care and superfluity."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 4.51

"Do not seek to have everything that happens happen as you wish, but wish for everything to happen as it actually does happen, and your life will be serene."

— Epictetus, The Enchiridion 8

"To Nature, who bestows all things and takes them away, the man who has learnt his lesson and respects himself says: 'Give what is thy good pleasure, take back what is thy good pleasure'; and this he says not boasting himself but only listening to her voice and being of one mind with her."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 10.14

"In all things like a pupil of Antoninus; his energy on behalf of what was done in accord with reason, his equability everywhere, his serene expression, his sweetness, his disdain of glory, his ambition to grasp affairs."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 6.30

"Love the art which you were taught, set up your rest in this."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 4.31

"There are some things which are unable to hurt us, and whose power is exclusively beneficial and salutary, as, for example, the immortal gods, who neither wish nor are able to do harm: for their temperament is naturally gentle and tranquil, and no more likely to wrong others than to wrong themselves."

— Seneca, On Anger 2.27

"Thus the longest and the shortest come to the same thing."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 2.14

"For the inward parts ought to be like that, and a man ought to be seen by the gods to be neither disposed to indignation nor complaining."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 11.13

"Death is repose from sense-response, from the stimulus of impulse, from intellectual analysis and the service of the flesh."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 6.28

"Remember, therefore, that if what is naturally slavish you think to be free, and what is not your own to be your own, you will be hampered, will grieve, will be in turmoil, and will blame both gods and men; while if you think only what is your own to be your own, and what is not your own to be, as it really is, not your own, then no one will ever be able to exert compulsion upon you, no one will hinder you, you will blame no one, will find fault with no one, will do absolutely nothing against your will, you will have no personal enemy, no one will harm you, for neither is there any harm that can touch you."

— Epictetus, The Enchiridion 1

"Why then be troubled?"

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 9.39

"Let not the future trouble you; for you will come to it, if come you must, bearing with you the same reason which you are using now to meet the present."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 7.08

"Perfection of character possesses this: to live each day as if the last, to be neither feverish nor apathetic, and not to act a part."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 7.69

"Whenever you are engaged in other pursuits your mind will be relieved from its burden: at present you keep watch over yourself to prevent this."

— Seneca, On Consolation - To Marcia 1.08

"Therefore, if you have truly seen where the matter at issue lies, put away the question of what men will think of you and be satisfied if you live the rest of your life, be it more or less, as your nature wills."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 8.01

"For you yourself see that, by questioning thus, you are arguing a point of justice with God."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 12.05

"Sufficient are the present judgement that grasps its object, the present social act, the present disposition well satisfied with all that comes to pass from a cause outside the self."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 9.06

"The third, to realize that if you could be suddenly caught up into the air and could look down upon human life and see all its variety you would disdain it, seeing at the same time how great a company of beings, in the air and in the aether, encompasses you, and that however often you were caught up, you would see the same things—uniformity, transience: these are the objects of your pride."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 12.24

"For this reason we must not get rid of poverty, but of the opinion about poverty, and then we shall be happy."

— Epictetus, Discourses 3.17

"I am ready to depart, and I shall enjoy life just because I am not over-anxious as to the future date of my departure."

— Seneca, Moral Letters to Lucilius 61

"You need not believe what others say about me: that you may not be puzzled by any uncertainty as to what to think, I distinctly tell you that I am not miserable: I will add, for your greater comfort, that it is not possible for me to be made miserable."

— Seneca, On Consolation - To Helvia 1.04

"If you yearn for philosophy, prepare at once to be met with ridicule, to have many people jeer at you, and say, "Here he is again, turned philosopher all of a sudden," and "Where do you suppose he got that high brow?" But do you not put on a high brow, and do you so hold fast to the things which to you seem best, as a man who has been assigned by God to this post; and remember that if you abide by the same principles, those who formerly used to laugh at you will later come to admire you, but if you are worsted by them, you will get the laugh on yourself twice."

— Epictetus, The Enchiridion 22

"Why not satisfied to pass through this brief moment ordering your ways?"

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 10.31

"If someone handed over your body to any person who met you, you would be vexed; but that you hand over your mind to any person that comes along, so that, if he reviles you, it is disturbed and troubled—are you not ashamed of that?"

— Epictetus, The Enchiridion 28

"How great a rest from labour he gains who does not look to what his neighbour says or does or thinks, but only to what he himself is doing, in order that exactly this may be just and holy, or in accord with a good man's conduct."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 4.18

"Whenever you desire to cheer yourself, think upon the merits of those who are alive with you; the energy of one, for instance, the modesty of another, the generosity of a third, of another some other gift."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 6.48

"Everywhere and continually it is in your power to be reverently content with your present circumstance, to behave to men who are present with you according to right and to handle skilfully the present impression, that nothing you have not mastered may cross the threshold of the mind."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 7.54

"For if you attend to this, you will quickly forget your anger, when it occurs to you at the same time that he is compelled, for what else can he do?"

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 10.30

"Then go in to the great personage boldly and remember these things; and you will see what a youth is who has studied these things when he is among men who have not studied them."

— Epictetus, Discourses 1.30

"What reward does she promise you for this campaign? an enormous one, and one that raises you to the level of the gods: you shall be subject to no restraint and to no want; you shall be free, safe, unhurt; you shall fail in nothing that you attempt; you shall be debarred from nothing; everything shall turn out according to your wish; no misfortune shall befall you; nothing shall happen to you except what you expect and hope for."

— Seneca, On the Happy Life XVI

"Do not think of what are absent as though they were now existing, but ponder on the most fortunate of what you have got, and on account of them remind yourself how they would have been missed, if they had not been here."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 7.27

"But most of all you must run over in mind those whom you yourself have known to be distracted in vain, neglecting to perform what was agreeable to their own constitution, to hold fast to this and to be content with this."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 4.32

"However, since it is necessary, whatever you do, that your thoughts should sometimes revert to me, and that I should now be present to your mind more often than your other children, not because they are less dear to you, but because it is natural to lay one's hands more often upon a place that pains one; learn how you are to think of me: I am as joyous and cheerful as in my best days: indeed these days are my best, because my mind is relieved from all pressure of business and is at leisure to attend to its own affairs, and at one time amuses itself with lighter studies, at another eagerly presses its inquiries into its own nature and that of the universe: first it considers the countries of the world and their position: then the character of the sea which flows between them, and the alternate ebbings and flowings of its tides; next it investigates all the terrors which hang between heaven and earth, the region which is torn asunder by thunderings, lightnings, gusts of wind, vapour, showers of snow and hail."

— Seneca, On Consolation - To Helvia 1.20

"If you complete the present work, following the rule of right, earnestly, with all your might, with kindness, and admit no side issue, but preserve your own divinity pure and erect, as if you have this moment to restore it; if you make this secure, expecting nothing and avoiding nothing, but content with present action in accord with Nature and with heroic truth in what you mean and say, you will live the blessed life."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 3.12

"You have the power to strip off many superfluities which trouble you and are wholly in your own judgement; and you will make a large room at once for yourself by embracing in your thought the whole Universe, grasping ever-continuing Time and pondering the rapid change in the parts of each object, how brief the interval from birth to dissolution, and the time before birth a yawning gulf even as the period after dissolution equally boundless."

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 9.32

"'I know, but to the sufferers they were of vast importance.' Is that a reason why you should make a fool of yourself too?"

— Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations 5.36

"With everything which entertains you, is useful, or of which you are fond, remember to say to yourself, beginning with the very least things, "What is its nature?" If you are fond of a jug, say, "I am fond of a jug"; for when it is broken you will not be disturbed."

— Epictetus, The Enchiridion 3

In summary

The recurring practical claim is that most disturbance is self-supplied and can simply be dropped, and the recurring practical advice is to do fewer things. Marcus makes both points in the same breath - the calm of doing right, and the calm of not doing much. Read alongside the anger and judgement topics, this one is best understood as the destination rather than the method. Nothing here tells you to relax. It tells you what stops needing to be defended once you have sorted out what is actually yours.